INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF COPPER ION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON DISEASES

A REVIEW

Abstract

Copper ions are essential for many biological processes, including enzyme function, electron transfer, oxygen transport, and cellular metabolism. Both copper deficiency and excess can lead to severe health complications such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, metabolic disorders, and infections. This review explores the critical roles of copper ions in biological systems, emphasizing their interaction with biomolecules and involvement in metalloenzymes like cytochrome c oxidase and superoxide dismutase. Copper’s ability to alternate between two oxidation states (Cu(I) and Cu (II)) enables it to facilitate key redox reactions essential for cellular energy production and managing oxidative stress. Dysregulation of copper homeostasis can result in disorders like Wilson’s and Menke's diseases, which cause tissue damage and metabolic disturbances. The review emphasizes the importance of regulating copper levels within the body and highlights the need for further research into copper metabolism to enhance disease prevention and treatment strategies. The insights gained from this review provide a deeper understanding of copper’s role in human health and its potential as a therapeutic agent in clinical applications.